Shares are one of the four main investment types, along with cash, bonds and property. They carry risk, but they can offer the highest returns. Here you can find out what they are, how to invest in shares and what risks are involved.
- What are shares?
- How does investing in shares work
- Buying shares can be risky
- How to invest in shares
- Next steps
- Get expert advice
What are shares?
Top tip: before you make any decision about buying or selling shares or funds, find out as much as you can about the company or fund. Do your own research or get financial advice.
- Shares (also known as equities) are like tiny fractions of a company. If you own one, you own a little bit of the company and a proportion of the company’s value.
- You can own shares yourself, or you can pool your money with other people in a collective investment often known as a fund.
- Funds buy a selection of shares, which are chosen and managed by a fund manager. If you put your money into funds, you don’t have to do the work of choosing the individual investments.
- When you own shares directly you become a shareholder, which usually means you have the right to vote on some company decisions. This doesn’t happen if you invest in a fund.
Shares are bought and sold on the stock exchange.
Shares from big companies are traded on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) – you’ll hear these called ‘listed shares’ – and smaller companies are traded on the Alternative Investments Market (AIM).
How does investing in shares work
Investing in shares means buying and keeping them for a while in order to make money.
The new tax free band means everyone is entitled to a tax-free Dividend Allowance of £2,000 per year. Married couples (and registered civil partners) can split their taxable dividend income between them and reduce tax liability by up to £650 (or 32.5%) per year.
There are two ways of getting money from shares of a company:
- If the company grows and becomes more valuable, the share is worth more – so your investment is worth more too.
- Some shares pay you part of the company’s profits each year, called a dividend.
If you buy shares in larger, long-established companies you’ll probably get dividends, but you might not get rapid growth.
Shares that pay regular dividends are good for getting an income or the dividends can be reinvested to grow your capital.
Dividend income is taxed at a different rate from savings interest.
Smaller companies often don’t pay dividends. They might have more chance to grow rapidly, but can be more risky.
Buying shares can be risky
The price of a share will go up or down if people change their minds about how well the company is performing, or about the economic conditions it operates in.
If a share price reduces then the value of your investment reduces as well.
However shares have historically provided better returns over the long run than the other main asset classes: property, cash or bonds.
Holding shares in just one company is very high risk.
If that company gets into difficulties then you could lose some or all of your money.
You can spread your risk by diversifying – buying shares in a variety of companies, and investing in other assets or countries – or by putting your money into pooled investments like unit trusts or OEICs.
If you’re well diversified and invest long term (for more than five years) you can keep risk down, and have a chance of good returns.
Investing in small companies is especially risky
The shares of smaller companies are sometimes known as ‘penny shares’.
They don’t meet the requirements for a full listing on the London Stock Exchange (they’re ‘unlisted companies’), so they’re bought and sold on other markets, like the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) and the Plus Quoted Market.
- If you want to sell, it can be hard to find buyers for some shares – you might be stuck with the shares, or have to sell at a much lower price than you paid for them.
- There might not be much information available - so it could be hard to assess the business and its finances and predict if it will do well.
Think carefully before you invest in a small company. Is the investment right for your needs? What are the risks, and what might they mean for you?
How to invest in shares
Buying and selling shares
If you want to buy and sell shares that you own yourself, you can use:
- An online broker
- A traditional stockbroker
- A financial adviser or investment manager – you can ask them to buy or sell shares for you, but they’ll still go through a stockbroker
Investing in shares through a fund
In a pooled (collective) investment, lots of people put their money into a fund.
The fund is invested in shares – or other assets, like cash, property or bonds – chosen by a professional fund manager.
You can invest in funds through many banks, a fund manager, a financial adviser or a traditional or online broker.
Employee share schemes
If your employer offers it, you might be given shares or be able to buy them through an employee share scheme.
Next steps
Find the best type of investments for you:
Get expert advice
Investing in shares can be complex. Professional financial advisers can help.
This article is provided by the Money Advice Service.
